Alternative media are media (newspapers, radio, television, movies, Internet, etc.) which are alternatives to the business or government-owned State media or state-controlled media is media for mass communication which is ultimately controlled and/or funded by the state government. These news outlets may be the sole media outlet or may exist in competition with privately-controlled media. In certain cases the state provides funding for "public media," but does not exercise any mass media Mass media denotes a section of the media specifically designed to reach a very large audience such as the population of a nation state. The term was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks, mass-circulation newspapers and magazines. However, some forms of mass media such as books and manuscripts had already been in use. Proponents of alternative media argue that the mainstream media are biased Bias is a term used to describe a tendency or preference towards a particular perspective, ideology or result, especially when the tendency interferes with the ability to be impartial, unprejudiced, or objective.. In other words, bias is generally seen as 'one-sided'. The term biased is used to describe an action, judgment, or other outcome. While sources of alternative media are also frequently biased (sometimes proudly so), the bias tends to be significantly different than that of the mainstream media, hence "alternative". As such, advocacy journalism Advocacy journalism is a genre of journalism that intentionally and transparently adopts a non-objective viewpoint, usually for some social or political purpose. Because it is intended to be factual, it is distinguished from propaganda. It is also distinct from instances of media bias and failures of objectivity in media outlets, which attempt to tends to be a component of many alternative outlets.

Because the term "alternative" has connotations of self-marginalization, some media outlets now prefer the term "independent" over "alternative".

Propaganda model

Edward S. Herman Edward S. Herman is an American economist and media analyst with a specialty in corporate and regulatory issues as well as political economy and the media. He is Professor Emeritus of Finance at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He also teaches at Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania. He received and Noam Chomsky Avram Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, political activist, author, and lecturer. He is an Institute Professor and professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Chomsky is well known in the academic and scientific community as one of the fathers of modern linguistics. Since proposed a concrete model for the filtering processes (biases) of mainstream media, especially in the United States The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the, called the propaganda model The propaganda model is a theory advanced by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky that alleges systemic biases in the mass media and seeks to explain them in terms of structural economic causes. They tested this empirically and presented extensive quantified evidence supporting the model.^[1] Authors such as Louis Althusser Louis Pierre Althusser was a Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria and studied at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, where he eventually became Professor of Philosophy have also written in detail about the problems of the mainstream press, and their writings have inspired the creation of many alternative press efforts.^{[citation needed]} Communication scholar Robert W. McChesney Robert W. McChesney is an American professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is the Gutgsell Endowed Professor in the Department of Communication. His work concentrates on the history and political economy of communication, emphasizing the role media play in democratic and capitalist societies. He is the President and co-, inspired in part by the work of Chomsky and Herman, has linked the failures of the mainstream press primarily to corporate ownership, pro-corporate public policy, and the myth of "professional journalism." He has published extensively on the failures of the mainstream press, and advocates scholarship in the study of the political economy of the media, the growth of alternative media, and comprehensive media policy reforms.^[2]

Media

Press

The alternative press consists of printed publications To publish is to make content publicly known. The term is most frequently applied to the distribution of text or images on paper, or to the placing of content on a website that provide a different or dissident viewpoint than that provided by major mainstream and corporate newspapers A newspaper is a publication containing news, information, and advertising. General-interest newspapers often feature articles on political events, crime, business, art/entertainment, society and sports. Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing columns that express the personal opinions of writers. Supplementary sections, magazines Magazines, periodicals, glossies or serials are publications, generally published on a regular schedule, containing a variety of articles, generally financed by advertising, by a purchase price, by pre-paid magazine subscriptions, or all three. Magazines can be distributed through the mail; through sales by newsstands, bookstores or other vendors;, and other print media.

Factsheet Five In the 1980s and early 1990s, its comprehensive reviews made it the most important publication in its field, heralding the wider spread of what would eventually be called fanzine or zine culture. Before the adoption of the web & e-mail beginning around 1994, publications such as Factsheet Five formed a vital directory for connecting like- publisher Mike Gunderloy described the alternative press "as sort of the 'grown-up' underground press The phrase underground press is most often used to refer to the independently published and distributed underground papers associated with the counterculture of the late 1960s and early 1970s. It also refers to illegal publications under oppressive governments, for example, the samizdat and bibuła in the Soviet Union and Poland respectively. Whole Earth The Whole Earth Catalog was an American counterculture catalog that granted "Access to Tools" published by Stewart Brand between 1968 and 1972, and occasionally thereafter, until 1998. Apple Inc. founder and entrepreneur Steve Jobs has described the Catalog as the conceptual forerunner of the World Wide Web, the Boston Phoenix, and Mother Jones are the sorts of things that fall in this classification."^[3] In contrast, Gunderloy described the underground press as "the real thing, before it gets slick, co-opted, and profitable. The underground press comes out in small quantities, is often illegible, treads on the thin ice of unmentionable subjects, and never carries ads for designer jeans."^[3]

See also

• Alternative media in South Africa South Africa has a long history of alternative media. During the eighties there was a host of community and grassroots newspapers that supplied content that ran counter to the prevailing attitudes of the times. In addition, a thriving small press and underground press carried voices that would not have been heard in the mainstream, corporate media
• Alternative media (U.S. political left) This refers to alternative media espousing the views of the American political left. The piece covers alternative media sources including talk radio programs, blogs and other alternative media sources
• Alternative media (U.S. political right) Alternative media in the United States usually refers to internet, talk radio, print, and television journalism and opinions which present a point of view that counters the alleged bias of mainstream media. It is rooted in the conservative movement's presumption[dubious – discuss] that the alleged bias is toward liberalism and that modern
• Citizen media The term citizen media refers to forms of content produced by private citizens who are otherwise not professional journalists. Citizen journalism, participatory media and democratic media are related principles
• Democracy Now! Democracy Now! is a syndicated program of news, analysis, and opinion aired by more than 700 radio and television, satellite and cable TV networks in North America. Democracy Now! serves as the flagship program for the Pacifica Radio network
• Jesse Macbeth Jesse Adam Macbeth is an anti-war protester who falsely claimed to be an Army Ranger and veteran of the Iraq War. He lied in alternative media interviews that he and his unit routinely committed war crimes in Iraq. Transcripts of the video were made in English and Arabic. According to the U.S. Army, there is no record of Macbeth being a Ranger, or
• List of independent television stations in the U.S. by call sign (initial letter K)
• Mass media Mass media denotes a section of the media specifically designed to reach a very large audience such as the population of a nation state. The term was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks, mass-circulation newspapers and magazines. However, some forms of mass media such as books and manuscripts had already been in use
• Media activism Media activism is activism that uses media and communication technologies for social movement, and/or tries to change policies relating to media and communication
• Media democracy Media democracy is a production and distribution model which promotes a mass media system that informs and empowers all members of society, and enhances democratic values. The term also refers to a modern social movement evident in countries all over the world which attempts to make mainstream media more accountable to the publics they serve and
• Media Freedom Project
• Media justice
• Nexus (magazine) Nexus is a bi-monthly alternative news magazine. It covers geopolitics and conspiracy theories; health issues, including alternative medicine; future science; the unexplained, including UFOs; Big Brother; and historical revisionism. The magazine also publishes articles about freedom of speech and thought, and related issues. It is owned and edited
• Pirate radio The term pirate radio usually refers to illegal or unregulated radio transmissions. Its etymology can be traced to the unlicensed nature of the transmission, but historically there has been occasional but notable use of sea vessels – fitting the most common perception of a pirate – as broadcasting bases. The term is most commonly used to
• Pirate television A pirate television station is a broadcast TV station that operates without official or government licensing. Like its counterpart pirate radio, the term pirate TV lacks a specific universal interpretation. It implies a form of broadcasting that is unwelcome by the licensing authorities within the territory where its signals are received,
• Signs of the Times (news website) Signs of the Times , established in 2002, is an alternative news Internet website which aggregates news stories from a wide range of international sources, as well as providing news analysis and editorial commentary. The editors' stated objective is to provide international coverage of current events from many points of view so as to achieve an
• Underground press The phrase underground press is most often used to refer to the independently published and distributed underground papers associated with the counterculture of the late 1960s and early 1970s. It also refers to illegal publications under oppressive governments, for example, the samizdat and bibuła in the Soviet Union and Poland respectively

References

1. ^ Chomsky, Understanding Power
2. ^ McChesney, Robert W. Robert W. McChesney is an American professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is the Gutgsell Endowed Professor in the Department of Communication. His work concentrates on the history and political economy of communication, emphasizing the role media play in democratic and capitalist societies. He is the President and co- (2008), Communication Revolution: Critical Junctures and the Future of Media, New York, New York, United States: The New Press, pp. 301, ISBN 9781595584137
3. ^ ^{a b} Gunderloy, Mike (August 1991), "Glossary", Factsheet Five (Rensselaer, NY Rensselaer is a city in Rensselaer County, New York, U.S., located on the Hudson River, directly opposite Albany. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 7,761; in 1920, it was 10,832.[citation needed] The name is from Kiliaen van Rensselaer, the original landowner of the region in New Netherland.[citation needed] Rensselaer is on the west: Pretzel Press) (44): p. 86, ISSN An International Standard Serial Number is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic periodical publication[citation needed]. The ISSN system was adopted as international standard ISO 3297 in 1975[citation needed]. The ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC 9 is responsible for the standard 08906823, http://www.gyrofrog.com/glossary-ff44.php, retrieved 2007-11-05

External links

• A Contrario: Independent Press
• Alternative Media Global Project
• visionon.tv
• Alternative News And Information Network

Categories: Mass media The mass media are the entire array of the media specifically envisioned and designed to reach a large audience, like radio, television, magazines, newspapers and the World Wide Web. The term was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks and mass-circulation newspapers and magazines | Alternative journalism Categories: Journalism by genre | Criticism of journalism | Alternative media | Journalism genres

See Also:

• Alternative Media
• Media RSS
• Mass Media
• Media Bias
• News Media

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